مفهوم پردازی طرحواره ناسازگار افراطی¬گری مذهبی مبتنی بر نظریه طرحواره‌ درمانی یانگ: مطالعه مفهومی-نظری

•   آرشیو : نسخه تابستان 1404 - جلد دوم
•   کد پذیرش : 14129
•   موضوع : سایر شاخه ها
• نویسنده/گان : سید مهدی طباطبایی‌فر
•   زبان : فارسی
•   نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
•   چکیده مقاله به فارسی : ‎افراطی‌گری مذهبی به‌عنوان پدیده‌ای پیچیده و چندوجهی، نه‌تنها پیامدهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی گسترده‌ای دارد، بلکه ریشه‌های عمیقی در فرآیندهای شناختی و هیجانی فردی نیز دارد. پژوهش حاضر با بهره‌گیری از چارچوب نظری طرحواره‌درمانی یانگ (2003)، به مفهوم‌پردازی طرحواره ناسازگار افراطی‌گری مذهبی پرداخته است که به‌عنوان الگویی پایدار از باورها و هیجانات افراطی، بر نگرش‌ها و رفتارهای فرد تأثیرگذار است. این طرحواره، که اغلب در نتیجه تجارب اولیه آسیب‌زا، سبک‌های فرزندپروری سخت‌گیرانه و تعامل با محیط‌های اجتماعی متعصب شکل می‌گیرد، در تعامل با سایر طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه مانند نقص/شرم، بی‌اعتمادی/بدرفتاری و محرومیت هیجانی تقویت می‌شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که این طرحواره با ویژگی‌های شناختی مانند تفکر دوگانه (سیاه و سفید)، قطعیت‌طلبی و سوگیری تأییدی، و نیز هیجانات شدیدی همچون ترس، خشم و احساس برتری اخلاقی همراه است که در نهایت می‌تواند منجر به رفتارهای متعصبانه و حتی خشونت‌آمیز شود. علاوه بر این، سبک‌های مقابله‌ای مختلف همچون تسلیم، اجتناب و جبران افراطی نقش مؤثری در بروز و تداوم این طرحواره دارند. در بخش پایانی، راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر طرحواره‌درمانی برای شناسایی و اصلاح این طرحواره ارائه شده است که می‌تواند به کاهش تعصبات مذهبی و ارتقای مدارا و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی کمک کند. این پژوهش با ارائه درکی عمیق‌تر از ریشه‌های روان‌شناختی افراطی‌گری مذهبی، زمینه را برای توسعه مداخلات درمانی و برنامه‌های پیشگیرانه فراهم می‌سازد و گامی مؤثر در جهت کاهش گرایش‌های افراطی در جوامع مختلف به شمار می‌رود.
•   لیست منابع : [1] Adamson, J. (1997). Melville, shame, and the evil eye: A psychoanalytic reading. SUNY Press.
  [2] Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Perseus.
  [3] Almond, G. A., Appleby, R. S., & Sivan, E. (2011). Strong religion: The rise of fundamentalisms around the world. University of Chicago Press.
  [4] Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 2(2), 113-133.
  [5] Anmuth, L. (2011). Early Maladaptive Schemas and negative life events in the prediction of depression and anxiety.
  [6] Arntz, A., Rijkeboer, M., Chan, E., Fassbinder, E., Karaosmanoglu, A., Lee, C. W., & Panzeri, M. (2021). Towards a reformulated theory underlying schema therapy: Position paper of an international workgroup. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1-14.
  [7] Arntz, A., Rijkeboer, M., Chan, E., Fassbinder, E., Karaosmanoglu, A., Lee, C. W., & Panzeri, M. (2021). Towards a reformulated theory underlying schema therapy: Position paper of an international workgroup. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1-14.
  [8] Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018). A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 47(4), 328-349.
  [9] Ben-Edet, E. (2022). Terrorism: A Case Study of the Global Security Threat of Boko Haram and the ISIS Alliance in Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Southern University).
  [10] Bongar, B., Brown, L. M., Beutler, L. E., Breckenridge, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (Eds.). (2006). Psychology of terrorism. Oxford University Press.
  [11] Brockman, R. N., Simpson, S., Hayes, C., van der Wijngaart, R., & Smout, M. (2023). Cambridge guide to Schema therapy. Cambridge University Press.
  [12] Carmo, C., Oliveira, D., Brás, M., & Faísca, L. (2021). The influence of parental perfectionism and parenting styles on child perfectionism. Children, 8(9), 777.
  [13] Carter, B., & Fenton, S. (2010). Not thinking ethnicity: a critique of the ethnicity paradigm in an over‐ethnicised sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 40(1), 1-18.
  [14] Davidman, L. (2015). Becoming un-orthodox: Stories of ex-Hasidic Jews. Oxford University Press, USA.
  [15] Deslandes, C., & Anderson, J. R. (2019). Religion and prejudice toward immigrants and refugees: A meta-analytic review. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 29(2), 128-145.
  [16] Dess, R. R. (2023). Examining the Possible Prolonged Effects on Former Members Born and Raised as Jehovah’s Witnesses: A Qualitative Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
  [17] D'Rozario, A. B., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Parental separation or divorce and adulthood attachment: The mediating role of the Abandonment schema. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(2), 664-675.
  [18] Edwards, D., & Arntz, A. (2012). Schema therapy in historical perspective. The Wiley‐Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research, and practice, 1-26.
  [19] Evans, I. M. (2015). How and why thoughts change: Foundations of cognitive psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, USA.
  [20] Farrell, J., & Shaw, I. A. (2022). Schema therapy: Conceptualization and treatment of personality disorders.
  [21] Fassbinder, E., & Arntz, A. (2019). Schema therapy with emotionally inhibited and fearful patients. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy, 49(1), 7-14.
  [22] Faustino, B., Vasco, A. B., Delgado, J., Farinha‐Fernandes, A., & Guerreiro, J. C. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and COVID‐19 anxiety: The mediational role of mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(4), 1297-1308.
  [23] Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. Happer & Row.
  [24] Gibbs, J. J., & Goldbach, J. (2015). Religious conflict, sexual identity, and suicidal behaviors among LGBT young adults. Archives of suicide research, 19(4), 472-488.
  [25] Güler, K., & Yüksel, S. (2021). The Relationship Between Gender Roles In Women And Early Maladaptive Schemas. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 5(11), 07-19.
  [26] Haeyen, S. (Ed.). (2024). Schema-Focused Working Methods for Arts and Body-Based Therapies. Taylor & Francis.
  [27] Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. Handbook of affective sciences, 11(2003), 852-870.
  [28] Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York Pantheon.
  [29] Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and social psychology review, 14(1), 126-139.
  [30] Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford press.
  [31] Heath, G., & Startup, H. (Eds.). (2020). Creative methods in Schema therapy: advances and innovation in clinical practice. Routledge.
  [32] Hood Jr, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2009). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. Guilford Press.
  [33] Ioanid, R. (2022). The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Rowman & Littlefield.
  [34] Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both?. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(2), 154.
  [35] Jonathan, E. (2008). The influence of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and Christian orthodoxy on explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward homosexuals. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 316-329.
  [36] Kaufman, G. (2004). The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. Springer Publishing Company.
  [37] Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., McGregor, I., & Nash, K. (2010). Religious belief as compensatory control. Personality and social psychology review, 14(1), 37-48.
  [38] Keefe, J. R., Webb, C. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2016). In cognitive therapy for depression, early focus on maladaptive beliefs may be especially efficacious for patients with personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(4), 353.
  [39] Kim, T. (2020). The Dark Triad and early maladaptive schemas in a sample of undergraduate women (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
  [40] Kosak, D. (2024). Mediator Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas Between Childhood Abuse and Suicide (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
  [41] Kubilus, D. R. (2024). Holy Hell: A Case against Eternal Damnation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
  [42] Lachaud, J., Yusuf, A. A., Maelzer, F., Perri, M., Gogosis, E., Ziegler, C., ... & Hwang, S. W. (2024). Social isolation and loneliness among people living with experience of homelessness: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2515.
  [43] Laious, R., Galanaki, E. P., Aggeli, A., Tzavara, C., Argalia, E., Bakourini, D., ... & Sintila, I. (2024). Evaluation of A Schema Therapy-Based Prevention Group Program for Children and Their Parents. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 24(2), 23-52.
  [44] LeLeux-LaBarge, K. M. (2017). Examining Anxiety Schemas through the Context of a Stress-Intrapersonal Model.
  [45] Martin, R., & Young, J. (2010). Schema therapy. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies, 317.
  [46] McGregor, I., Hayes, J., & Prentice, M. (2015). Motivation for aggressive religious radicalization: Goal regulation theory and a personality× threat× affordance hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1325.
  [47] Munir, F. (2015). Understanding the role of education in promoting violence and terrorism in Pakistan (Master's thesis, UiT Norges arktiske universitet).
  [48] Musselwhite, M. H. (2016). ISIS & Eschatology: Apocalyptic Motivations Behind the Formation and Development of the Islamic State.
  [49] Ndhlovu, D., & Mwanza, N. (2024). Use of the Empty Chair Gestalt Counselling Technique in Helping University Students with Peer Relationship Challenges: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI). ISSN, (2321-2705).
  [50] Neuberger, B. (2023). The Haredim in Israeli Politics. In Contemporary Israeli Haredi Society (pp. 67-89). Routledge.
  [51] Norenzayan, A. (2013). Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton University Press.
  [52] Omer, A., & Springs, J. A. (2013). Religious nationalism: A reference handbook. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  [53] Pargament, K. I. (2002). Authors'responses: Is Religion Nothing but...? Explaining Religion Versus Explaining Religion Away. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 239-244.
  [54] Pearson, C. (2009). The gospel of inclusion: Reaching beyond religious fundamentalism to the true love of God and self. Simon and Schuster.
  [55] Pech, R. J., & Slade, B. W. (2006). Religious Fundamentalism and Terrorism: why do they do it and what do they want?. Foresight, 8(1), 8-20.
  [56] Pilkington, P. D., & Karantzas, G. C. (2024). A bibliometric analysis of the quantitative schema therapy literature. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 31(2), e2963.
  [57] Pilkington, P. D., Bishop, A., & Younan, R. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 28(3), 569-584.
  [58] Prasko, J., Diveky, T., Mozny, P., & Sigmundova, Z. (2009). Therapeutic letters–changing the emotional schemas using writing letters to significant caregivers. Act Nerv Super Rediviva, 51(3-4), 163-167.
  [59] Purnama, S., Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Fitriyah, Q. F., & Aziz, H. (2022). Do parenting styles and religious beliefs matter for child behavioral problem? The mediating role of digital literacy. Heliyon, 8(6).
  [60] Rafaeli, E., & Rafaeli, A. K. (2024). Needs, modes, and stances: Three cardinal questions for psychotherapy practice and training. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 6, 1-17.
  [61] Rowatt, W. C., Carpenter, T., & Haggard, M. (2013). Religion, prejudice, and intergroup relations. Religion, personality, and social behavior, 180-202.
  [62] Rowatt, W. C., Carpenter, T., & Haggard, M. (2013). Religion, prejudice, and intergroup relations. Religion, personality, and social behavior, 180-202.
  [63] Shani, G. (2021). Towards a Hindu Rashtra: Hindutva, religion, and nationalism in India. Religion, State & Society, 49(3), 264-280.
  [64] Sharma, S. K. (2021). Early Maladaptive Schema, Attachment Style and Défense Mechanism in Patient of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With and Without Childhood Sexual Abuse (Master's thesis, Central Institute of Psychiatry (India)).
  [65] Shepherd, G., & Shepherd, G. (2024). Talking with the Children of God: Prophecy and Transformation in a Radical Religious Group. University of Illinois Press.
  [66] Silke, A. (2008). Holy warriors: Exploring the psychological processes of jihadi radicalization. European journal of criminology, 5(1), 99-123.
  [67] Snell, A., Zuckerman, M., & Le, B. M. (2024). Does religious priming induce greater prejudice? A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 50(3), 423-435.
  [68] Stevens, B. A., & Roediger, E. (2016). Breaking negative relationship patterns: A schema therapy self-help and support book. John Wiley & Sons.
  [69] Streib, H., & Hood Jr, R. W. (2024). Religious styles and types: Studying change and development in worldview and faith. BiUP General, 17.
  [70] Streib, H., & Keller, B. (2018). Manual for the assessment of religious styles in faith development interviews (of the Manual for Faith Development Research).
  [71] Streib, H., Chen, Z. J., & Hood Jr, R. W. (2023). Faith development as change in religious types: Results from three-wave longitudinal data with faith development interviews. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 15(2), 298.
  [72] Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2003). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Social psychology, 4, 73-98.
  [73] Thiessen, C. N. (2019). ADHD Symptoms, Maladaptive Schemas, and Dysfunctional Automatic Thoughts: Exploring Theorized Relationships in Emerging Adults (Master's thesis, Ohio University).
  [74] Toroslu, B., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2023). Do perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty mediate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and relationship and partner related obsessive–compulsive symptoms?. Current psychology, 42(22), 19037-19053.
  [75] Tuasuun, M. C., & Tuasuun, D. N. (2023). We are friends: A case study of children’s tolerance experience in komunitas anak Sabtu Ceria to counter religious radicalism. KURIOS (Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen), 9(2), 501-511.
  [76] Ushiyama, R. (2022). Aum Shinrikyo and religious terrorism in Japanese collective memory (p. 231). Oxford University Press.
  [77] Whitley Jr, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21-38.
  [78] Wilde, S. V. (2008). Value conflicts in psychotherapy: Psychology graduates' perspectives. Brigham Young University.
  [79] Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. guilford press.
  [80] Zinnbauer, B. J. (2013). Models of healthy and unhealthy religion and spirituality.
•   کلمات کلیدی به فارسی : طرحواره ناسازگار افراطی¬گری مذهبی، طرحواره‌ درمانی یانگ، طرحواره ناسازگارهای ناسازگار اولیه.
•   چکیده مقاله به انگلیسی : Religious extremism, as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, not only has widespread social and cultural implications but also deeply rooted cognitive and emotional dimensions at the individual level. This study, grounded in Young's Schema Therapy framework (2003), conceptualizes the maladaptive schema of religious extremism as a stable pattern of extreme beliefs and emotions that significantly influence individual attitudes and behaviors. This schema often emerges from early adverse experiences, rigid parenting styles, and interactions with dogmatic social environments. It is further reinforced through its interaction with other maladaptive early schemas such as defectiveness/shame, mistrust/abuse, and emotional deprivation. The findings highlight that this schema is characterized by cognitive distortions like dichotomous (black-and-white) thinking, a strong need for certainty, and confirmation bias, as well as intense emotions such as fear, anger, and a sense of moral superiority, which can ultimately lead to prejudiced and even violent behaviors. Additionally, coping styles such as surrender, avoidance, and overcompensation play a crucial role in the activation and persistence of this schema. In the final section, schema therapy-based interventions are proposed to identify and modify this maladaptive schema, aiming to reduce religious biases and promote cognitive flexibility and tolerance. By offering a deeper psychological understanding of religious extremism, this study provides a foundation for the development of effective therapeutic interventions and preventive strategies, contributing to efforts aimed at mitigating extremist tendencies within diverse communities.
•   کلمات کلیدی به انگلیسی : Maladaptive Religious Extremism Schema, Young’s Schema Therapy, Early Maladaptive Schemas
•  صفحات : 1-25
•   دانلود فایل ( 640.34 KB )